Semiconductor thin film and its manufacturing method and semiconductor device and its manufacturing method

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor thin film is formed having a lateral growth region which is a collection of columnar or needle-like crystals extending generally parallel with a substrate. The semiconductor thin film is illuminated with laser light or strong light having equivalent energy. As a result, adjacent columnar or needle-like crystals are joined together to form a region having substantially no grain boundaries, i.e., a monodomain region which can substantially be regarded as a single crystal. A semiconductor device is formed by using the monodomain region as an active layer.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.09/409,949, filed Sep. 30, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,396,105, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/803,693, filed Feb. 24 1997now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a semiconductor thin film having aregion substantially regarded as a single crystal (hereinafter called“monodomain region”) which is formed on a substrate having an insulatingsurface, and to a semiconductor device using such a semiconductor thinfilm as an active layer. In particular, the invention relates to athin-film transistor which uses a crystalline silicon film as an activelayer.

2. Description of the Related Art

In recent years, techniques of forming thin-film transistors (TFTs) byusing a silicon semiconductor thin film (thickness: hundreds tothousands of angstrom) formed on a substrate having an insulatingsurface attracted much attention. The thin-film transistor is widelyapplied to various electronic devices such as ICs and liquid crystaldisplay devices.

The most important portions, i.e., the heart, of the thin-filmtransistor are the channel-forming region and the junction portionsbetween the channel-forming region and the source and drain regions.That is, it can be said that the active layer most influences theperformance of the thin-film transistor.

An amorphous silicon film formed by plasma CVD or low-pressure thermalCVD is commonly used as a semiconductor thin film for constituting theactive layer of a thin-film transistor.

At present, thin-film transistors using an amorphous silicon film are inpractical use. However, when higher speed operation is required, athin-film transistor using a silicon thin film having crystallinity(called a crystalline silicon film) is needed.

Examples of known techniques for forming a crystalline silicon film on asubstrate are those described in Japanese Unexamined Patent PublicationNos. Hei. 6-232059 and Hei. 6-244103, which were filed by the presentassignee. In the techniques described in these publications, acrystalline silicon film that is superior in crystallinity is formed bya heat treatment of 550° C. and about 4 hours by utilizing a metalelement for accelerating crystallization of silicon.

Further, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei. 7-321339discloses a technique of causing crystal growth approximately parallelwith a substrate by utilizing the above-mentioned techniques. Thepresent inventors call this type of crystallized region a lateral growthregion.

A lateral growth region formed by the above technique is a collection ofcolumnar or needle-like crystals that are arranged in the samedirection, and hence is superior in crystallinity. It is known that athin-film transistor whose active layer is formed by using this type ofregion exhibits high performance.

However, the above technique is still insufficient for formation ofthin-film transistors to constitute various arithmetic circuits, memorycircuits, etc. This is because the crystallinity is still notsufficiently high to provide the necessary characteristics.

For example, peripheral circuits of an active matrix liquid crystaldisplay device or a passive liquid crystal display device include drivercircuits for driving pixel TFTs in the pixel area, a circuit handling orcontrolling a video signal, a storage circuit for storing various typesof information, and other circuits.

Among those circuits, the circuit for handling or controlling a videosignal and the storage circuit for storing various types of informationare required to have performance equivalent to that of an integratedcircuit formed on a known single crystal wafer. Therefore, to integratethe above circuits by using a thin-film semiconductor formed on asubstrate, it is necessary to form on a substrate a crystalline siliconfilm whose crystallinity is equivalent to that of a single crystal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to form, on a substrate having aninsulating surface, a monodomain region whose crystallinity isequivalent to that of a single crystal. A further object of theinvention is to provide a semiconductor device whose active layer isconstituted by such a monodomain region.

According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided asemiconductor thin film formed on a substrate having an insulatingsurface, said semiconductor thin film comprising a monodomain regionhaving crystallinity that has been improved by illumination with laserlight or strong light having equivalent energy thereto, the monodomainregion being a collection of columnar or needle-like crystals extendinggenerally parallel with the substrate.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided asemiconductor device which uses only the above monodomain region as anactive layer. The monodomain region has a feature that it hassubstantially no grain boundaries.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided asemiconductor device manufactured by a process comprising the steps offorming an amorphous silicon film on a substrate having an insulatingsurface by low-pressure thermal CVD; selectively forming a silicon oxidefilm on the amorphous silicon film; holding a metal element foraccelerating crystallization of silicon adjacent to the amorphoussilicon film: performing a heat treatment to convert at least part ofthe amorphous silicon film into a crystalline silicon film; removing thesilicon oxide film; and illuminating the amorphous silicon film and/orthe crystalline silicon film with laser light or strong light havingequivalent energy thereto, to convert the crystalline silicon film intoa monodomain region. The semiconductor device has an active layer thatis constituted of only the monodomain region.

The present inventors define, as a monodomain region, a region which isobtained according to the invention by converting a lateral growthregion and can substantially be regarded as a single crystal. Themonodomain region has features that it contains substantially no grainboundaries and has almost no crystal defects such as dislocations andstacking faults.

“Substantially no grain boundaries” means that grain boundaries areelectrically inactive even if they exist. There have been found, asexamples of such electrically inactive grain boundaries, a {111} twincrystal grain boundary, a {111} stacking fault, a {221} twin crystalgrain boundary, a {221} twist twin grain boundary, etc. (R. Simokawa andY. Hayashi, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 27, pp. 751-758,1987).

The inventors consider that it is highly possible that grain boundariesin a monodomain region are electrically inactive grain boundaries asmentioned above. That is, they are considered an inactive region whichdoes not obstruct carrier movement electrically, even though they appearto exist.

The monodomain region, which is the most important concept of theinvention, is formed by the following process.

First, as shown in FIG. 1(A), crystal growth proceeds around a region101 only in which a metal element has been introduced. The crystalgrowth proceeds generally parallel with a substrate, to form columnar orneedle-like crystals.

The metal element for accelerating crystallization is one or a pluralityof elements selected from Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Cu, andAu. Ni (nickel) is used here as an example.

A lateral growth region 102 is formed in the above manner. For example,when a heat treatment is performed at 600° C. for about 6 hours, thelateral growth length (X in FIG. 1(A)) reaches 100-200 μm.

As shown in FIG. 1(A), the resulting lateral growth region 102 isdivided into eight portions A-H, which appear as if each were a crystalgrain. This is because defects such as slips occur at locations wherethe portions A-H collide with each other, to form crystal boundaries.

FIG. 1(B) is a schematic enlarged view showing a part of the portionsA-H. As seen from FIG. 1(B), microscopically each portion of the lateralgrowth region is a collection of columnar or needle-like crystals. Sincethe columnar or needle-like crystals cluster together, each portionappears like a single crystal grain macroscopically.

Each of the columnar or needle-like crystals is a region which does notcontain any grain boundaries and hence can be regarded as a singlecrystal, i.e., a monodomain region.

Since each crystal grows while removing impurity elements such as nickelfrom the inside, metal silicides are formed on the crystal surface.Thus, metal elements are segregated at grain boundaries 103 (see FIG.1(B)).

Therefore, the state of FIG. 1(B) is a mere collection of monodomainregions. Although each portion of the lateral growth region hasrelatively superior crystallinity, it is not a monodomain region initself.

To complete the invention, there is needed a step for improving thecrystallinity of the lateral growth region 102. In this specification,this step is given a specific name “single-crystallization step.”

Specifically, in the single-crystallization step of the invention, thecrystalline silicon film obtained above is illuminated with laser lightor strong light having equivalent energy.

It is desirable to use laser light emitted from an ultraviolet excimerlaser. More specifically, a KrF excimer laser (wavelength: 248 nm), aXeCl excimer laser (wavelength: 308 nm), or the like may be used.Similar results can be obtained even by using strong light emitted froman ultraviolet lamp rather than laser light.

The surface of the crystalline silicon film illuminated with laser lightis locally heated to a high temperature, and the silicon film isrendered in an instantaneous molten state. Actually, however, metalsuicides segregated at the grain boundaries 103 between the columnar orneedle-like crystals melt preferentially whereas the columnar orneedle-like crystals do not melt easily.

That is, when the lateral growth region 102 shown in FIG. 1(B) isilluminated with laser light, the grain boundaries 103 preferentiallymelt, though instantaneously, and are then re-crystallized. In FIG.1(C), dotted lines 104 indicate junction formed by temporarydissociation and subsequent recombination at the grain boundaries 103.

At this time, silicon lattices in the vicinity of the grain boundariesare rearranged and silicon atoms are thereby recombined in awell-matched manner. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 1(C), there remainsubstantially no grain boundaries in each of the portions A-H which waspreviously a collection of columnar or needle-like crystals as shown inFIG. 1(B).

Further, since crystal defects such as dislocations and stacking faultsthat previously existed in the columnar or needle-like crystals nowdisappear, the crystallinity of portions that were previously columnaror needle-like crystals is also improved remarkably.

At this time, the portions A-H expand in volume due to the rearrangementof silicon lattices. As a result, a phenomenon is observed that thesilicon film protrudes at the grain boundaries where the portions A-Hcollide with each other (see FIG. 1(A)), i.e., at the peripheral portionof each monodomain region. The protrusion of the silicon film is one ofthe features associated with the above laser illumination step.

It is empirically known that the crystallinity in crystal grains issuperior when the protrusion of a silicon film occurs at grainboundaries. However, the reason is not clear at present.

It has been found by SEM observations etc. that in case that thethickness of an amorphous silicon film is 500 Å, for instance, theheight of the protrusion of a silicon film is about 500 Å.

The crystalline silicon film formed by the above process is greatlyimproved in crystallinity, and consists of monodomain regions whosecrystallinity is equivalent to that of a single crystal.

One aspect of the invention is to form the active layer of asemiconductor device as typified by a thin-film transistor by using onlya monodomain region as described above.

FIG. 4 shows active layers 404 arranged in matrix form on a substrate401 having an insulating surface in manufacturing an active matrixliquid crystal display device.

Regions 402 indicated by broken lines are locations where regions forselective introduction of nickel existed. Reference numeral 403 indicatea location where a grain boundary formed by collision of lateral growthregions existed. The regions 402 and 403 are indicated by broken linesbecause they are unrecognizable after formation of the active layers404.

As shown in FIG. 4, the active layers 404 of thin-film transistors areformed to assume a matrix form so as to avoid the nickel introductionregions and the grain boundary.

FIG. 4 is a local view, and the same things apply to all the activelayers 404 formed on the substrate 401. That is, active layers ofmillions of thin-film transistors are formed by using only monodomainregions each containing no grain boundaries.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1C illustrate how a monodomain region is formed;

FIGS. 2A-2F show a process for forming a semiconductor thin film havinga monodomain region according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 3A-3E show a manufacturing process of a semiconductor deviceaccording to a third embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 shows active layers formed in monodomain regions;

FIGS. 5A-5E, 6A-6D, and 7A-7B show a manufacturing process of asemiconductor device according to a fourth embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 8A-8D show a manufacturing process of a semiconductor deviceaccording to a sixth embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 9A and 9B show the configuration of a DRAM according to a seventhembodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 10A and 10B show the configuration of an SRAM according to aneighth embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 show problems of an SOI structure;

FIG. 12 is a component table of an artificial quartz target;

FIGS. 13A-13D show a manufacturing process of a semiconductor deviceaccording to a thirteenth embodiment of the invention; and

FIGS. 14A-14F illustrate examples of application products.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention will be hereinafter described in detail by way ofembodiments.

Embodiment 1

This embodiment takes a semiconductor thin film formed on a substratehaving an insulating surface as an example of a semiconductor thin film,and explains a process for converting a lateral growth region(crystalline silicon film) into a monodomain region by a means forimproving the crystallinity of the former. This process will bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 2A-2F.

The crystallizing means used in this embodiment is such that nickel as ametal element for accelerating crystallization is selectively introducedinto an amorphous silicon film, to obtain a crystalline silicon filmthat is grown approximately parallel with a substrate. As mentionedabove, this technique is described in Japanese Unexamined PatentPublication No. Hei. 7-321339.

First, a substrate 201 having an insulating surface is prepared. In thisembodiment, a 3,000 Å thick silicon oxide film 202 as an undercoat filmis formed on a glass substrate (or a quartz or silicon substrate) bysputtering that uses an artificial quartz target. (FIG. 12 is areference material, which is a component table of the artificial quartztarget.)

Studies of the inventors have revealed that when the amorphous siliconfilm is later crystallized, a resulting crystalline silicon film hasbetter crystallinity as the undercoat film is denser. This is the reasonwhy the silicon oxide film 202 is formed by the sputtering using anartificial quartz target.

The surface of the silicon oxide film 202 is extremely flat and smooth.For example, being less than 30 Å in height and more than 100 Å inwidth, respectively, asperities are hardly recognized even by anobservation with AFM (atomic force microscopy).

Next, an amorphous silicon film 203 is formed at a thickness of 100-750Å (preferably 150-450 Å) by plasma CVD, sputtering, or low-pressurethermal CVD. In the case of low-pressure thermal CVD, disilane (Si₂H₆),trisilane (Si₃H₈), or the like may be used as a film forming gas.

Forming the amorphous silicon film 203 at the above thickness not onlyenables effective execution of a later single-crystallization step bylaser light illumination, but also allows formation of a semiconductordevice having a small off-current when a resulting crystalline siliconfilm is used as its active layer.

In an amorphous silicon film formed by low-pressure thermal CVD, therate of occurrence of natural nuclei in a later crystallization step issmall. This is desirable for increase in lateral growth length becauseof a low rate of interference between individual crystals (collision ofindividual crystals which stops their growth).

After the formation of the amorphous silicon film 203, it is illuminatedwith UV light in an oxygen atmosphere, whereupon a very thin oxide film(not shown) is formed on the amorphous silicon film 203 (see FIG. 2A).The oxide film is to improve the wettability of a solution in a latersolution applying step for introducing nickel.

Subsequently, a silicon oxide film 204 of 500-1,200 Å in thickness isformed by sputtering that uses a quartz target, and only a portion ofthe oxide film 204 from which nickel is to be introduced is removed byetching. That is, the silicon oxide film 204 serves as a mask forselectively introducing nickel into the amorphous silicon film 203.

An exposed region 205 is so formed as to assume a slit that extendsperpendicularly to the paper surface of FIGS. 2A-2F (see FIG. 2B).

Next, a nickel acetate salt solution containing nickel at a givendensity is dropped to form a liquid film 206 (see FIG. 2C).

In view of residual impurities in a later heating step, it is preferredthat a nickel nitrate salt solution be used as the nickel salt solution.Although a nickel acetate salt solution may also be used, carboncontained therein will remain in the film as carbides in the laterheating step.

In the state of FIG. 2C, spin coating is performed with a spinner toestablish a state that nickel is held adjacent to the amorphous siliconfilm 203 via the oxide film (not shown) in the region 205.

After hydrogen removal is performed at 450° C. for about one hour in aninert gas atmosphere, the amorphous silicon film 203 is crystallized byperforming a heat treatment at 500°-700° C., typically at 550°-600° C.,for 4-8 hours. Where a glass substrate is used, it is preferred that theheat treatment be performed at lower than 650° C. in light of the heatresistance of glass. Thus, a crystalline silicon film 207 is obtained(see FIG. 2D).

Nickel, which is held adjacent to the amorphous silicon film 203 via theoxide film (not shown) in the region 205 at the beginning, diffuses intothe amorphous silicon film 203 through the oxide film (not shown) andserves as a catalyst for accelerating the crystallization. Morespecifically, nickel reacts with silicon to produce silicides, andcrystallization proceeds with the suicides acting as nuclei.

At this time, the crystal growth proceeds such that columnar orneedle-like crystals are formed approximately parallel with thesubstrate 201. In this embodiment, since the region 205 assumes a slitextending perpendicularly to the paper surface of FIGS. 2A-2F, thecrystal growth proceeds approximately in two opposite directions (alongone axis) as indicated by arrow 208. Each crystal growth can proceedover more than several hundred micrometers.

If natural nuclei are generated by the heat treatment, individuallygrown columnar or needle-like crystals interfere with each other to stopeach other's growth. This phenomenon is unfavorable because it shortensgrowth lengths of lateral growth regions. Therefore, it is desired toestablish conditions under which most of the nuclei are the introducednickel elements and there exist few natural nuclei.

The concentration of introduced nickel can easily be controlled byadjusting the density of the nickel salt solution in the solutionapplication step.

Since the above lateral growth regions are arranged in the samedirection, each crystal is not much influenced by other crystals.Therefore, macroscopically, the lateral growth regions look like a largecrystal grain of more than several hundred micrometers in length.

However, microscopically, they are merely a collection of columnar orneedle-like crystals. Although each crystal is a monodomain, the lateralgrowth regions, as a whole, are merely regions that are relatively highin crystallinity and cannot be regarded as a monodomain region.

Once the heating treatment for crystallization is finished, the siliconoxide film 204 that served as the mask for selectively introducingnickel is removed. This is easily done by using a buffered hydrofluoricacid or the like.

In this state, the crystalline silicon film 207 has asperities of lessthan ±30 Å (preferably less than ±20 Å). This is considered due to thefact that the surface of the silicon film is covered with the siliconoxide film 204 during the crystal growth.

Next, the crystalline silicon film obtained by the above step isilluminated with laser light or strong light having equivalent energy.In this embodiment, laser light emitted from a KrF excimer laser(wavelength: 248 nm) is used. Alternatively, a XeCl excimer laser(wavelength: 308 nm) may be used.

In this step, columnar or needle-like crystals that constitute lateralgrowth regions are locally heated to a high temperature by theillumination with laser light. At this time, metal silicides (nickelsilicides in this embodiment) segregated at grain boundaries (indicatedby numeral 103 in FIG. 1B) between the columnar or needle-like crystalsmelt first.

At grain boundaries that have melted instantaneously, silicon latticesare rearranged and silicon atoms are thereby recombined in awell-matched manner. Therefore, grain boundaries substantiallydisappear; the lateral growth regions themselves can be rendered amonodomain region.

Further, crystal defects such as dislocations and stacking faults whichexisted in columnar or needle-like crystals almost disappear, thecrystallinity is much improved in the regions that were previously thecolumnar or needle-like regions.

The crystalline silicon film 207 thus obtained is a monodomain regionhaving substantially no grain boundaries. In the monodomain region, thecrystallinity is equivalent to that of a single crystal.

Embodiment 2

This embodiment is directed to a case where the laser light illuminationin the first embodiment is replaced by illumination with strong lighthaving equivalent energy. RTA (rapid thermal annealing) is known as atechnique for this purpose.

The RTA is a method in which strong light of infrared light, ultravioletlight, or some other type of light emitted from a lamp is applied to anobject to be processed. The RTA has a feature that substantially onlythe outermost layer of a thin film can be heated because of fast risingand falling rates of temperature and a short processing time of severalseconds to tens of seconds. For example, only a thin film on a glasssubstrate can be annealed at an extremely high temperature of about1,000° C.

In a manufacturing process, the short processing time means a greatincrease in throughput. As such, the RTA is a very effective means alsoin terms of productivity.

Embodiment 3

This embodiment is directed to a case of forming the active layer of athin-film transistor by using a monodomain region obtained by theprocess of the first embodiment. Although this embodiment is directed toa top-gate thin-film transistor, the invention can easily be applied toa bottom-gate one.

First, as shown in FIG. 3A, a semiconductor thin film including amonodomain region is formed by the process of the first embodiment, andan active layer 303 constituted of only a monodomain region is formed bypatterning. As described in the first embodiment, reference numerals 301and 302 denote a quartz substrate and a silicon oxide film,respectively.

Next, a 1,500 Å thick silicon oxide film 304 to serve as a gateinsulating film is formed by plasma CVD. Alternatively, it may be asilicon oxynitride film or a silicon nitride film.

A 5,000 Å thick aluminum film 305 to constitute a gate electrode isformed thereon by sputtering. The aluminum film 305 is caused to containscandium at 0.2 wt %. Instead of aluminum, another metal such astantalum or molybdenum may be used. Thus, the state of FIG. 3A isobtained.

A very thin anodic oxide film (not shown) is formed on the surface ofthe aluminum film 305 by using an electrolyte obtained by neutralizingan ethylene glycol solution containing tartaric acid at 3% with aqueousammonia. In this electrolyte, the aluminum film 305 is used as the anodeand platinum is used as the cathode.

A resulting dense anodic oxide film has a function of improving theadhesiveness with a later formed resist mask. The thickness of theanodic oxide film (not shown), which can be controlled by theapplication voltage, is set at 100 Å.

Next, the aluminum film 305 is patterned into an island-like aluminumpattern 306 from which a gate electrode will be formed. A resist mask(not shown) used in this step is left as it is (see FIG. 3B).

In the state of FIG. 3B, anodization is again performed with thealuminum pattern 306 used as the anode. A 3% aqueous solution of oxalicacid is used as an electrolyte. In this anodization step, because of theexistence of the resist mask (not shown), anodization proceeds only onthe side faces of the aluminum pattern 306, so that a porous anodicoxide film 307 is formed as shown in FIG. 3C. The porous anodic oxidefilm 307 is allowed to grow to a length of several micrometers.

The thickness of the porous anodic oxide film 307, which can becontrolled by the anodization time, is set at 7,000 Å.

Once the porous anodic oxide film 307 is formed as shown in FIG. 3C, theresist mask (not shown) is removed. Then, anodization is again performedto form a dense anodic oxide film 308. This anodization step isperformed under the same conditions as the previous dense anodic oxidefilm forming step.

However, this time, the dense anodic oxide film 308 is formed at athickness of 800 Å. The anodic oxide film 308 is formed as shown in FIG.3C because the electrolyte enters the inside of the porous anodic oxidefilm 307.

If the anodic oxide film 308 is made as thick as more than 1,500 Å,offset gate regions can be formed in a later impurity ions implantationstep.

A portion of the aluminum pattern 306 which has not been anodized in theabove anodization steps constitutes a gate electrode 309.

The dense anodic oxide film 308 will serve to suppress occurrence ofhillocks on the surface of the gate electrode 309 in later steps.

In the state that the dense anodic oxide film 308 is formed, impurityions are implanted to form source and drain regions. In this embodiment,P ions are implanted to form an n-channel thin-film transistor. Heavilydoped source and drain regions 310 and 311 are formed in this step (seeFIG. 3C).

Next, only the porous anodic oxide film 307 is removed by using a mixedacid of acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid, and then P ionsare implanted again at a lower dose than in the previous formation ofthe source and drain regions 310 and 311.

As a result, low-concentration impurity regions 312 and 313 are formedwhich have a lower impurity concentration than the source and drainregions 310 and 311. Further, a channel-forming region 314 is formed ina self-aligned manner (see FIG. 3D).

Then, to anneal the ion-implanted regions, laser light, infrared light,or ultraviolet light is applied.

Thus, the source region 310, low-concentration impurity region 312,channel-forming region 314, low-concentration impurity region 313, drainregion 311 are formed. The low-concentration impurity region 313 isusually called an LDD (lightly doped drain) region.

It is effective to perform, in this state, plasma hydrogenation at300°-350° C. for 0.5-1 hour. As a result of this step, hydrogen is addedto the active layer 303 at less than 5 atomic % (less than 1×10²¹atoms/cm³), preferably 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10²¹ atoms/cm³.

Since these hydrogen atoms are active, they neutralize and eliminatedangling bonds of silicon and energy levels at the boundary between theactive layer 303 and the gate insulating film 304.

After the state of FIG. 3D is obtained in the above manner, aninterlayer insulating film 315 is formed in the form of a silicon oxidefilm, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a resin film,or a multilayer film thereof. The use of a silicon nitride film ispreferable because it prevents hydrogen atoms that have been added inthe preceding step from escaping from the device.

Next, contact holes are formed, and then a source electrode 316 and adrain electrode 317 are formed. In producing an active matrix liquidcrystal display device, no lead-out electrode for the gate electrode 309is needed in a pixel TFT. On the other hand, it is necessary to form alead-out electrode for the gate electrode 309 at the same time in a TFTof peripheral driver circuits.

Finally, the entire device is hydrogenated by performing a heattreatment at 350° C. in a hydrogen atmosphere. Thus, a thin-filmtransistor is completed as shown in FIG. 3E.

The resulting thin-film transistor exhibits so large an electric fieldmobility as to accommodate high-speed operation, because its activelayer is constituted of a monodomain region. Further, since there are nograin boundaries and segregation of nickel compounds etc. in the channelregion and the drain junction, the thin-film transistor is highlyreliable.

Embodiment 4

This embodiment is directed to a method for forming a CMOS structure byusing TFTs of the third embodiment. FIGS. 5A-5E, 6A-6D, and 7A-7B show amanufacturing process according to this embodiment. Incidentally, theapplication range of a crystalline silicon film formed according to theinvention is wide, and the method for forming a CMOS structure is notlimited to this embodiment.

First, according to the first embodiment, a silicon oxide film 502 isformed on a glass substrate 501 and a crystalline silicon film having amonodomain region is formed thereon. By patterning the crystallinesilicon film, an active layer 503 for an n-channel TFT and an activelayer 504 for a p-channel TFT are obtained. Each of the active layers503 and 504 is made of only a monodomain region.

Subsequently, a silicon oxide film 509 as a gate insulating film isformed by plasma CVD at a thickness of 500-2,000 Å, typically1,000-1,500 Å. The gate insulating film may be another type ofinsulating film such as a silicon oxynitride film or a silicon nitridefilm.

Thus, the state of FIG. 5A is obtained. To simplify the description,this embodiment will be described for the case of forming a pair ofn-channel and p-channel thin-film transistors. In general, more than 100pairs of n-channel and p-channel thin-film transistors are formed on thesame glass substrate.

Once the state of FIG. 5A is obtained, an aluminum film 506 from which agate electrode will be constituted is formed as shown in FIG. 5B.

To suppress occurrence of hillocks and whiskers, the aluminum film 506is caused to contain scandium at 0.2 wt %. The aluminum film 506 isformed by sputtering or electron beam evaporation.

Hillocks and whiskers, which mean prickle or needle-like protrusionsformed by abnormal growth of aluminum, may cause short-circuiting orcrosstalk between adjacent wiring lines or wiring lines spacedvertically.

Instead of aluminum, another metal capable of being anodized, such astantalum, may be used.

Once the aluminum film 506 is formed, a thin, dense anodic oxide film507 is formed in an electrolyte with the aluminum film 506 used as theanode.

The electrolyte is one obtained by neutralizing an ethylene glycolsolution containing tartaric acid at 3% with ammonia. A dense anodicoxide film can be formed by this anodization method. Its thickness canbe controlled by the application voltage.

In this embodiment, the thickness of the anodic oxide film 507 is set at100 Å. The anodic oxide film 507 has a function of improving thewettability with a later formed resist mask. Thus, the state of FIG. 5Bis obtained.

Next, resist masks 508 and 509 are formed. The aluminum film 506 and theanodic oxide film 507 are patterned by using the resist masks 508 and509. Thus, the state of FIG. 5C is obtained.

Subsequently, anodization is performed in an electrolyte that is a 3%aqueous solution of oxalic acid with residual aluminum patterns 510 and511 used as the anodes. In this anodization step, anodization proceedsonly on the side faces of the residual aluminum films 510 and 511,because the residual portions of the anodic oxide film 507 and theresist masks 508 and 509 remain on the top surfaces of the aluminumfilms 510 and 511.

In this anodization step, porous anodic oxide films 512 and 513 areformed, which are allowed to grow to a length of several micrometers.

In this embodiment, the growth length of anodization, i.e., thethickness, is set at 7,000 Å. The growth length of anodizationdetermines the length of low-concentration impurity regions that will beformed later. An empirically desirable range of the growth length of theporous anodic oxide films 512 and 513 is 6,000-8,000 Å. Thus, the stateof FIG. 5D is obtained.

Gate electrodes 51 and 52 are defined in this state. Once the state ofFIG. 5D is obtained, the resist masks 508 and 509 are removed.

Next, anodization is again performed which uses an electrolyte obtainedby neutralizing an ethylene glycol solution containing tartaric acid at3 % with ammonia. In this step, the electrolyte enters the porous anodicoxide films 512 and 513, so that dense anodic oxide films 514 and 515are formed as shown in FIG. 5E.

The thickness of the anodic oxide films 514 and 515, which is controlledby the voltage application time, is set at 500-4,000 Å. The residualportions of the previously formed dense anodic oxide film 507 areunified with the anodic oxide films 514 and 515, respectively.

In the state of FIG. 5E, P (phosphorus) ions for imparting n-typeconductivity are applied to the entire surface. This doping is performedby plasma doping or ion doping at a high dose of 0.2-5×10¹⁵ cm⁻²,preferably 1-2×10¹⁵ cm⁻².

The step of FIG. 5E forms regions 516-519 in which P ions are implantedat a high concentration.

Next, the porous anodic oxide films 512 and 513 are removed by using analuminum mixed acid. At this time, portions of the active layers 503 and504 that existed right under the anodic oxide films 512 and 513 aresubstantially intrinsic because they were not subjected to ionimplantation.

Subsequently, a resist mask 520 is so formed as to cover the right-handp-channel thin-film transistor. Thus, the state of FIG. 6A is obtained.

In this state, P ions are again implanted as shown in FIG. 6B. The doseis set at a small value of 0.1-5×10¹⁴ cm⁻², preferably 0.3-1×10^(14 cm)⁻². That is, the dose of the P-ion implantation in the step of FIG. 6Bis set lower than in the step of FIG. 5E.

As a result, low-concentration impurity regions 522 and 524 are formed.Regions 521 and 525 are high-concentration impurity regions which aredoped with P ions at a higher concentration.

As a result of this step, the region 521 becomes a source region of then-channel thin-film transistor. The regions 522 and 524 becomelow-concentration impurity regions, and the region 525 becomes a drainregion. The region designated by a reference numeral 524 is generallycalled an LDD (lightly doped drain) region. A region 523 becomes asubstantially intrinsic channel-forming region.

Although not shown in the figures, there exist, between thechannel-forming region 523 and the low-concentration impurity regions522 and 524, regions that were prevented from being doped with ions bythe anodic oxide film 514. These regions are called offset gate regionsand are as long as the thickness of the anodic oxide film 514.

The offset gate regions are not doped with ions and hence aresubstantially intrinsic. Since a gate voltage is not applied to theoffset gate regions, a channel does not develop there and they serve asresistance components for reducing electric field strength andpreventing degradations.

However, if the offset gate regions are too short, they do not play theabove-mentioned roles. There is no definite boundary of length abovewhich they function effectively.

Next, after the resist mask 520 is removed, a resist mask 526 is soformed as to cover the left-hand n-channel thin-film transistor as shownin FIG. 6C.

In the state of FIG. 6C, B (boron) ions are implanted at a dose of0.2-10×10¹⁵ cm⁻², preferably 1-2×10¹⁵ cm⁻². This dose value can be setapproximately the same as that of the FIG. 5E step.

Although regions 527 and 531 that are formed by this step contain bothn-type and p-type impurities, they substantially act as mere pads(hereinafter called contact pads) for taking contact with lead-outelectrodes. That is, in contrast to the case of the left-hand n-channelthin-film transistors, the regions 527 and 531 are clearly discriminatedfrom source and drain regions.

As for the p-channel thin-film transistor, the inventors define regions528 and 530 as source and drain regions, respectively.

The regions 528 and 530 have been formed by implanting only B ions intoa substantially intrinsic region. Since there exist no ions of the othertype, the impurity concentration can easily be controlled there andhence a p-i junction can be formed in a well-matched manner. Further,the degree of disorder in crystallinity due to the ion implantation isrelatively low.

Although offset gate regions can be formed by utilizing the anodic oxidefilm 515, there is no particular reason for forming offset regions, thatis, it is empirically known that almost no degradations occur in ap-channel thin-film transistor.

The source region 528 and the drain regions 530 of the p-channelthin-film transistor are formed in the above manner. Not doped with anyimpurity, a region 529 becomes a channel-forming region. As mentionedabove, the regions 527 and 531 become contact pads for allowing currentto flow into or from the source region 528 and the drain region 530,respectively.

After completion of the step of FIG. 6C, the resist mask 526 is removedto obtain the state of FIG. 6D. In this state, laser light illuminationis performed to activate the implanted impurities and anneal theimpurity-ions-implanted regions.

The laser light illumination can be performed in a state that thecrystallinity of the source and drain regions 521 and 525 of then-channel thin-film transistor and that of the source and drain regions528 and 530 of the p-channel thin-film transistor are not much differentfrom each other. This is because the source and drain regions 528 and530 of the p-channel thin-film transistor are not much damaged by theion implantation of the FIG. 6C step.

Therefore, in annealing the source and drain regions of the twothin-film transistors by performing laser light illumination in thestate of FIG. 6D, differences in annealing effects can be corrected.That is, differences in the characteristics of the n-channel andp-channel thin-film transistors can be corrected.Å

Once the state of FIG. 6D is obtained, a 4,000 Å thick interlayerinsulating film 532 is formed as shown in FIG. 7A. The interlayerinsulating film 532 may be one of a silicon oxide film, a siliconoxynitride film, and a silicon nitride film, or may even assume amultilayer structure. These silicide films may be formed by plasma CVDor thermal CVD.

After contact holes are formed, a source electrode 533 and a drainelectrode 534 of the n-channel thin-film transistor (NTFT) are formed.At the same time, a source electrode 535 and a drain electrode 536 ofthe p-channel thin-film transistor (PTFT) are formed (see FIG. 7B).

A CMOS structure is obtained by performing the patterning so that thedrain electrode 534 of the n-channel thin-film transistor and the drainelectrode 536 of the p-channel thin-film transistor are connectedtogether and that the gate electrodes of the two TFTs are connectedtogether.

For example, a CMOS thin-film circuit as described in this embodimentcan be used in an active matrix liquid crystal display device and anactive matrix EL display device.

In the impurity ion implantation steps of FIGS. 5E, 6B, and 6C, it isimportant that the active layers be covered with the silicon oxide film505 as the gate insulating film. If impurity ions are implanted in sucha state, the surface of the active layers can be prevented from beingroughened or polluted. This greatly contributes to increase in yield aswell as increase in the reliability of resulting devices.

Embodiment 5

This embodiment is directed to a case of forming a crystalline siliconfilm according to the first embodiment on a silicon wafer. In this case,it is necessary to form an insulating layer on the surface of thesilicon wafer. Usually, a thermal oxidation film is formed as theinsulating layer.

The common temperature range of the heat treatment is 700° C.-1,300° C.,and the processing time varies depending on a desired thickness of theoxide film.

The thermal oxidation of a silicon wafer is usually performed in anatmosphere of O₂, O₂—H₂O, H₂O, or O₂—H₂ combustion. Oxidation in anatmosphere containing a halogen element in the form of HCl or Cl₂ isalso widely employed.

The silicon wafer is one of the substrates that are indispensable forsemiconductor devices such as ICs. Various techniques have beendeveloped to form a variety of devices on a silicon wafer.

According to this embodiment, a crystalline silicon film whosecrystallinity is equivalent to that of a single crystal is combined withthe conventional techniques using a silicon wafer, whereby theapplication range of a crystalline silicon film can further be expanded.

Embodiment 6

This embodiment is an example of the fifth embodiment in which a TFTusing a crystalline silicon film of this invention is formed on an ICthat is formed on a silicon wafer. A manufacturing process will beoutlined with reference to FIGS. 8A-8D.

FIG. 8A shows a MOS-FET formed on a silicon wafer by an ordinaryprocess. Reference numeral 801 denotes a silicon substrate, and 802 and803 denote insulating films for isolating devices from each other whichfilms are usually thermal oxidation films.

A source region 804 and a drain region 805 are formed by implantingimpurity ions for imparting one type of conductivity to the siliconsubstrate 801 and then performing a diffusion step. If the siliconsubstrate 801 is of a p type, an impurity (phosphorus) for impartingn-type conductivity is implanted. If the silicon substrate 801 is of ann type, an impurity (boron) for imparting p-type conductivity isimplanted.

Reference numeral 806 denotes a channel-forming region. Part of thethermal oxidation film formed by the diffusion step that was performedafter the ion implantation is left above the silicon channel-formingregion 806 after being subjected to thickness control, to serve as agate insulating film. Numeral 807 denotes a gate electrode constitutedof a polysilicon film having one type of conductivity.

The gate electrode 807 is covered with an insulating film 808 such as asilicon oxide film so as not to be short-circuited with a sourceelectrode 809 or a drain electrode 810 (see FIG. 8A).

Once the state of FIG. 8A is obtained, an interlayer insulating film 811is formed which is a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride film. Aftera contact hole is formed through the interlayer insulating film 811, alead-out line 812 for the drain electrode 810 is formed (see FIG. 8B).

Once the state of FIG. 8B is obtained, the exposed surface is flattenedby polishing such as CMP (chemical mechanical polishing), whereby theinterlayer insulating film 811 is planarized and a protrusion of thelead-out line 812 is removed.

In FIG. 8C, reference numeral 813 denotes a planarized interlayerinsulating film and 814 denotes its flat surface. Numeral 815 denotes aprotrusion-removed lead-out line. A lead-out line 816 is so formed as tobe connected to the lead-out line 815.

Subsequently, an interlayer insulating film 817 is formed. The inventioncan be implemented on the interlayer insulating film 817. That is, athin-film transistor whose active layer is formed by using a monodomainregion is formed on the interlayer insulating film 817.

First, an active layer 818 constituted of a monodomain region is formedaccording to the first embodiment. A gate insulating film 819 and a gateelectrode 820 are sequentially formed thereon. Then, an impurity forimparting one type of conductivity is implanted into the active layer818.

After completion of the impurity implantation, side walls 821 to be usedfor later formation of low-concentration impurity regions are formed bythe following steps.

First, an insulating film (not shown) such as a silicon oxide filmthicker than the gate electrode 820 is formed so as to cover it. Whenthe insulating film is removed by anisotropic etching, i.e., dryetching, insulating films remain only on the side faces of the gateelectrode 820.

Impurity implantation is again performed in this state. As a result,regions that have been doped with an impurity second time become sourceand drain regions, whereas regions shielded by side walls 821 becomelow-concentration impurity regions having a lower concentration than thesource and drain regions. After the impurity implantation, the impurityis activated by a heat treatment, illumination with laser light, or alike treatment.

Once the active layer is constructed in the above manner, an interlayerinsulating film 822 such as a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitridefilm is formed. After contact holes are formed through the interlayerinsulating film 822, a source electrode 823 and a drain electrode 824are formed.

By implementing the invention above the IC as described in thisembodiment, an integrated circuit having a three-dimensional structureas shown in FIG. 8D can be realized. Since the TFT formed above the ICexhibits performance which is equivalent to that of a TFT formed on asingle crystal, the invention can realize an integrated circuit having ahigher density than conventional ones without impairing the performanceof the IC itself.

Embodiment 7

This embodiment is directed to a case where a TFT that is formedaccording to the invention is applied to a DRAM (dynamic random accessmemory). This embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 9Aand 9B.

The DRAM is a memory in which information is stored in a capacitor inthe form of electric charge. Input and output of charge as informationto and from the capacitor is controlled by a TFT that is connected inseries to the capacitor. FIG. 9A shows a circuit including a TFT and acapacitor which circuit constitutes one memory cell of a DRAM.

When given a gate signal from a word line 901, a TFT 903 is renderedconductive. In this state, information is written when charge issupplied to the capacitor 904 from a bit-line 902, or information isread by taking out charge from the capacitor 904.

FIG. 9B shows a cross-section of the DRAM. Reference numeral 905 denotesa substrate such as a quartz substrate or a silicon substrate. In thecase of a silicon substrate, what is called an SOI structure can beconstructed.

A silicon oxide film 906 as an undercoat film is formed on the substrate905 and a TFT according to the invention is formed thereon. If thesubstrate 905 is a silicon substrate, a thermal oxidation film can beused as the undercoat film 906. Reference numeral 907 denotes an activelayer constituted of a monodomain region that is formed according to thefirst embodiment of the invention.

The active layer 907 is covered with a gate insulating film 908 and agate electrode 909 is formed thereon. After an interlayer insulatingfilm 910 is laid on the above structure, a source electrode 911 isformed through the interlayer insulating film 910. The bit line 902 andan electrode 912 are formed at the same time as the source electrode911. Reference numeral 913 denotes an insulating film as a protectionfilm.

The capacitor 904 is formed between the electrode 912 and the drainregion of the active layer 907 located under the electrode 912. A fixedvoltage is applied to the electrode 912. The DRAM operates as a storagedevice such that charge is written to or read from the capacitor 904 bymeans of the TFT.

The DRAM is suitable for constituting a highly integrated, large-scalememory because it consists of a very small number of elements: only aTFT and a capacitor. With an additional advantage of a low price,currently the DRAM is used most widely.

For example, in the case of an SOI structure in which the invention isimplemented on a silicon substrate, the leak current of the TFT can bemade small because of a small junction area. This greatly contributes toincrease in data holding time.

Further, a DRAM cell formed on an SOI substrate has a feature that thestorage capacitance can be made small. This enables low-voltageoperation.

Embodiment 8

This embodiment is directed to a case where a TFT that is formedaccording to the invention is applied to an SRAM (static random accessmemory). This embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 10Aand 10B.

The SRAM is a memory in which a bistable circuit such as a flip-flop isused as a storage element. The SRAM stores binary information value (0or 1) by using two stables states (on-off and off-on) of the bistablecircuit. The SRAM is advantageous in being capable of holding data aslong as it is supplied with power.

The storage circuit is constituted by an N-MOS or C-MOS circuit. In anSRAM shown in FIG. 10A, high-resistance resistors are used as passiveload elements.

Reference numerals 11 and 12 denote a word line and a bit line,respectively. Load elements 13 are high-resistance resistors. A pair ofdriver transistors 14 and a pair of access transistors 15 are alsoprovided.

FIG. 10B shows a cross-section of a TFT. A silicon oxide film 17 as anundercoat film is formed on a substrate 16 which is a quartz or siliconsubstrate, and a TFT according to the invention is formed thereon.Reference numeral 18 denotes an active layer constituted of a monodomainregion that is formed according to the first embodiment of theinvention.

The active layer 18 is covered with a gate insulating film 19 and a gateelectrode 20 is formed thereon. After an interlayer insulating film 21is laid on the above structure, a source electrode 22 is formed throughthe interlayer insulating film 21. The bit line 12 and a drain electrode23 are formed at the same time as the source electrode 22.

After an interlayer insulating film 24 is laid on the above structure, apolysilicon film 25 as a high-resistance load is formed thereon.Reference numeral 26 denotes an insulating film as a protection film.

The above-configured SRAM has advantages of high-speed operation andhigh reliability. Further, it can easily be incorporated into a system.

Embodiment 9

In recent years, studies on the SOI structure as described in theseventh and eighth embodiments have been made extensively in efforts tofind a breakthrough for reduction in power consumption. In thisembodiment, the invention is compared with problems associated with theSOI substrate.

FIG. 11 summarizes those problems. As shown in FIG. 11, there arecrystallinity-problems such as boundary energy states and stationarycharges in a silicon film and externally introduced problems such asmetal pollution and a boron concentration.

In the invention, the crystallinity is improved and crystals arecombined (single-crystallization) by illuminating a crystalline siliconfilm with laser light or strong light having equivalent energy.

This laser annealing has effects of eliminating or sufficiently reducingthe factors that adversely affect the crystallinity, such as pipedensity, boundary energy states, stationary charges, and penetrateddislocations.

Further, a precipitation as shown in FIG. 11 easily melts and disappearsupon illumination with laser light if it is a silicide-type substance.If the precipitation is an oxide-type substance, it is expected that theprecipitation disappears as oxygen is removed and diffused by a localtemperature increase due to illumination with laser light.

Embodiment 10

This embodiment is directed to a case where an active matrix area andperipheral driver circuits for driving the active matrix area areintegrated on the same substrate by using the semiconductor device ofthe third embodiment and the CMOS structure of the fourth embodiment.

One substrate of an integrated active matrix liquid crystal displaydevice has the following configuration. In an active matrix area, atleast one switching thin-film transistor is provided for each of pixelsarranged in matrix form. Peripheral driver circuits for driving theactive matrix area are disposed around the active matrix area. All ofthese circuits are integrated on a single glass substrate (or a quartzor silicon substrate).

If the invention is applied to the above configuration, the activematrix area and the peripheral driver circuits can be formed by usingthin-film transistors whose performance is equivalent to that ofMOS-FETs formed on a single crystal.

More specifically, each pixel TFT of the active matrix area isconstituted by the thin-film transistor of FIG. 3 and the peripheraldriver circuits are formed by using the CMOS structure of FIGS. 5A-5E,6A-6D, and 7A-7B.

A thin-film transistor of the active matrix area is required to have assmall an off-current as possible, because it needs to allow charge to beheld by a pixel electrode for a given period.

Since a thin-film transistor according to the invention has an activelayer which is constituted of a monodomain region, there aresubstantially no grain boundaries which could be a path along which anoff-current flows preferentially. Therefore, according to the invention,thin-film transistors having small off-current can be provided in theactive matrix area.

On the other hand, a CMOS circuit is commonly used in the peripheraldriver circuits. To improve the characteristics of the peripheral drivercircuits, it is necessary that differences in characteristics between ann-channel thin-film transistor and a p-channel thin-film transistorwhich constitute the CMOS circuit be minimized.

To this end, the CMOS structure of the fourth embodiment (FIGS. 5A-5E,6A-6D, and 7A-7B) is most suitable.

In the above manner, the integrated active matrix liquid crystal displaydevice can be obtained in which each circuit has desiredcharacteristics.

Embodiment 11

This embodiment is directed to a case where in the third embodiment thegate insulating film is formed by different steps.

First, a semiconductor thin film including a monodomain region is formedby the same steps as in the first embodiment, and the active layer of asemiconductor device is formed by using only the monodomain region.

Next, an insulating film having silicon as a main component (a siliconoxide film in this embodiment) is formed at a thickness of 200-1,500Å(800 Å in this embodiment) by a vapor-phase method as typified by CVDand PVD so as to cover the active layer. The thickness of the siliconoxide film may be determined in consideration of the dielectricbreakdown voltage to be obtained finally. Instead of the silicon oxidefilm, a silicon oxynitride film or a silicon nitride film may be used.

Once the silicon oxide film is formed, a heat treatment is performed inan atmosphere containing a halogen element. The main object of this heattreatment is to remove, by gettering, metal substances such as nickelremaining in the active layer. The heat treatment may be conducted at600° C.-1100° C. To attain a sufficient gettering effect, it isdesirable that the temperature be set higher than 700° C. (preferably800° C.-1,000° C.)

Where a glass substrate is used, the heat treatment needs to beconducted at 600° C.-650° C. in view of its heat resistance. Where thesubstrate is highly heat-resistant as in the case of a quartz substrate,the upper limit temperature of the heat treatment can be increased to1,100° C. (preferably 1,000° C.)

In this embodiment, a quartz substrate is used and the heat treatment isperformed in an atmosphere containing hydrogen chloride (HCl) at 0.5-10%(3% in this embodiment) with respect to oxygen. If the HCl density ishigher than the above range, the surface of the crystalline silicon filmis roughened. The processing temperature and time are set at 950° C. and0.5 hour, respectively.

An atmosphere containing a halogen element may be formed by adding, toan oxygen atmosphere, one or a plurality of gases selected from HCl, HF,HBr, Cl₂, NF₃, F₂, and Br₂.

As a result of this step, by virtue of the metal element getteringaction of the halogen element, nickel is removed from the active layerto a concentration of less than 1×10¹⁷ atoms/cm³ (preferably less than1×10¹⁶ atoms/cm³ and even preferably less than the spin concentration).These concentration values are measurement values obtained from ameasurement result of SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry).

Thermal oxidation reaction proceeds at the boundary between the activelayer and the silicon oxide film, so that a thermal oxidation film ofabout 200 Å in thickness is formed. To reduce the off-current, it iseffective to set conditions so that the final thickness of the activelayer becomes 200-300 Å (typically 250 Å). In this embodiment, the filmquality of the thermal oxidation film and the insulating film havingsilicon as a main component is improved by performing a heat treatmentat 950° C. for about 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere after the heattreatment in the atmosphere containing a halogen element.

By the way, it is considered that nickel is segregated at grainboundaries of the crystalline silicon film that constitutes the activelayer. After nickel is removed, many dangling bonds occur in grainboundaries. Those dangling bonds are recombined with each other by theheat treatment of 950° C., to form grain boundaries having few trapstates and the like.

As a result of the heat treatment in the atmosphere containing a halogenelement, the halogen element remains in the vicinity of the boundarybetween the active layer and the gate insulating film at a highconcentration, which is 1×10¹⁹ to 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³ according to a SIMSmeasurement.

Further, the thermal oxidation film that is formed at the boundarybetween the active layer and the silicon oxide film constitutes a gateinsulating film together with the silicon oxide film. Since the numberof defect energy states, interstitial silicon atoms, etc. at theboundary with the active layer is reduced when the thermal oxidationfilm is formed, much superior boundary conditions are establishedbetween the active layer and the gate insulating film.

As described above, the concentration of metal elements such as nickelcan be reduced by performing the heat treatment of this embodiment. Thisis very important in terms of increase in the reliability of thesemiconductor device. In addition, the crystal state of the active layeris improved, and a gate insulating film having superior boundaryconditions can be formed.

As a result, it becomes possible to realize a semiconductor devicehaving superior electrical characteristics and high reliability.

Embodiment 12

In this embodiment, attention is paid to improvement in conditions ofthe boundary between an active layer and a gate insulating film. Inparticular, this embodiment is effective when a glass substrate is used.

First, a semiconductor thin film including a monodomain region is formedby the same steps as in the first embodiment, and the active layer of asemiconductor device is formed by using only the monodomain region.Then, a silicon oxide film is formed at a thickness of 200-1,500 Å byCVD and PVD in the same manner as in the eleventh embodiment.

In this state, a heat treatment is performed at 500° C.-700° C.(typically 640° C.-650° C.). This temperature range is set to form athermal oxidation film without causing strain in the glass substrate orwarping it. This heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere ofonly oxygen, or an atmosphere containing a halogen element, or even awet atmosphere containing water vapor.

Where the heat treatment is performed under the conditions of thisembodiment, a thermal oxidation film of tens of angstrom (for instance,10-90 Å) in thickness is formed in 0.5-2 hours. The growth of thethermal oxidation film tends to end up with a thickness approximatelywithin the above range.

According to the knowledge of the inventors, stationary charges, defectenergy states, etc. are concentrated in the vicinity of the boundarybetween the active layer and the gate insulating film (in a region of10-30 Å in thickness extending from the boundary toward both of theactive layer side and the gate insulating layer side), and hence it isnot an overstatement that this region determines the conditions of theboundary between the active layer and the gate insulating film.

Therefore, the conditions of the boundary between the active layer andthe gate insulating film can be improved by thermally oxidizing theregion of the active layer in the vicinity of the boundary which regionis as thin as 10-30 Å (the thickness of the active layer is decreased by10-30 Å while a new thermal oxidation film of 20-60 Å in thickness isformed), thereby eliminating stationary charges, defect energy states,etc. In other words, to provide superior boundary conditions, it issufficient to form a thermal oxidation film that is as thin as tens ofangstrom.

By incorporating the thermal oxidation step of this embodiment, asemiconductor device having superior characteristics can be formed on asubstrate that is low in heat resistance, such as a glass substrate.

Embodiment 13

This embodiment is directed to a case where a crystalline silicon film(polysilicon film) is used as a gate electrode. This embodiment will bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 13A-13D.

In FIG. 13A, reference numeral 1301 denotes a glass substrate; 1302, anundercoat film; 1303, an active layer constituted of a monodomain regionwhich layer is obtained by the process of the first embodiment; 1304, agate insulating film; and 1305, a gate electrode constituted of apolysilicon film that is given one type of conductivity.

Next, impurity ions for imparting one type of conductivity are implantedinto the active layer 1303, so that impurity regions 1306 and 1307 areformed.

Upon completion of the impurity ion implantation, a silicon nitride film1308 is formed at a thickness of 0.5-1 μm by low-pressure thermal CVD,plasma CVD, or sputtering. Instead of the silicon nitride film, asilicon oxide film may be formed.

Thus, the state of FIG. 13B is obtained. In this state, the siliconnitride film 1308 is etched to leave silicon nitride films only on theside faces of the gate electrode 1305 (etch-back method). The residualsilicon nitride films serve as side walls 1309.

At this time, the gate insulating film 1304 is removed except portionsmasked by the gate electrode 1305 and the side walls 1309, as shown inFIG. 13C.

In this state, impurity ions are again implanted at a higher dose thanin the previous impurity ion implantation. Since no impurity ions areimplanted into regions 1310 and 1311 located right under the side walls1309, the impurity concentration does not change there. However,impurity ions are further implanted into exposed regions 1312 and 1313at a high dose.

As a result of the second ion implantation, a source region 1312, adrain region 1313, and low-concentration impurity regions 1310 and 1311having a lower impurity concentration than the source and drain regions1312 and 1313 are formed. The region 1311 is called an LDD region. Aundoped region 1314 right under the gate electrode 1305 becomes achannel-forming region.Å

Thus, the state of FIG. 13C is obtained. In this state, a 300 Å Thicktitanium film (not shown) is formed, whereupon the silicon film reactswith the titanium film. After the titanium film is removed, a heattreatment is performed by lamp annealing or the like, so that titaniumsilicide films 1315-1317 are formed on the exposed surfaces of thesource and drain regions 1312 and 1313 and the gate electrode 1305 (seeFIG. 13D).

Instead of the titanium film, a tantalum film, a tungsten film, amolybdenum film, or the like may be used.

Subsequently, after a 5,000 Å thick silicon oxide film is formed as aninterlayer insulating film 1318, a source line 1319, a drain line 1320,and a gate line 1321 are formed. Thus, a TFT is completed which has astructure as shown in FIG. 13D.

In the TFT of this embodiment, good ohmic contact is attained becausethe wiring lines are connected to the TFT via the titanium silicidefilms 1315-1317.

Embodiment 14

The term “semiconductor device” as used in this specification broadlymeans devices that operate on a semiconductor, and encompasses activematrix electro-optical devices (liquid crystal display devices, ELdisplay devices, EC display devices, etc.) as configured according tothe tenth embodiment and even application products incorporating suchelectro-optical devices.

This embodiment is directed to examples of such application products.Examples of semiconductor devices utilizing the invention include a TVcamera, a head-mount display, a car navigation device, a projectiondisplay (front and rear types), a video camera, and a personal computer.Those devices will be briefly described with reference to FIGS. 14A-14F.

FIG. 14A shows a mobile computer, which is composed of a main body 2001,a camera section 2002, an image receiving section 2003, an operationswitch 2004, and a display device 2005. The invention is applied to thedisplay device 2005 and integrated circuits etc. incorporated in thedevice.

FIG. 14B shows a head-mount display, which is composed of a main body2101, display devices 2102, and a band section 2103. The two displaydevices 2102 are used which are relatively small in size.

FIG. 14C shows a car navigation device, which is composed of a main body2201, a display device 2202, operation switches 2203, and an antenna2204. The invention is applied to the display device 2202 and integratedcircuits etc. incorporated in the device. The display device 2202 isused as a monitor. Since the display device 2202 is mainly used fordisplay of a map, the allowable range of resolution is relatively wide.

FIG. 14D shows a cellular telephone (handy telephone) set, which iscomposed of a main body 2301, a voice output section 2302, a voice inputsection 2303, a display device 2304, operation switches 2305, and anantenna 2306. The invention is applied to the display device 2304 andintegrated circuits etc. incorporated in the device.

FIG. 14E shows a video camera, which is composed of a main body 2401, adisplay device 2402, a voice input section 2403, operation switches2404, a battery 2405, and an image receiving section 2406. The inventionis applied to the display device 2402 and integrated circuits etc.incorporated in the device.

FIG. 14F shows a front-projection display, which is composed of a mainbody 2501, a light source 2502, a reflection-type display device 2503,an optical system (including a beam splitter, a polarizer, etc.) 2504,and a screen 2505. Since the screen 2505 is a large one which is usedfor presentation in a conference or a society meeting, the displaydevice 2503 is required to have high resolution.

In addition to the above electro-optical devices, the invention can beapplied to a rear-projection display and a portable information terminalsuch as a handy terminal. As such, the application range of theinvention is very wide; the invention can be applied to display media inevery field.

As for the advantages of the invention, a monodomain region which cansubstantially be regarded as a single crystal can be formed on asubstrate having an insulating surface. The active layer of asemiconductor device such as a thin-film transistor can be formed byusing a crystalline silicon film whose crystallinity is equivalent tothat of a single crystal.

As a result, a semiconductor circuit whose performance is equivalent tothat of an integrated circuit using a known single crystal wafer can berealized.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electroluminescence display device comprising:a substrate; an insulating film over the substrate; and a crystallinesemiconductor film comprising silicon formed on the insulating film,wherein the insulating film has at least one asperity of less than 30 Åin height on the upper surface thereof.
 2. An electroluminescencedisplay device according to claim 1, wherein the electroluminescencedisplay device further comprises a gate insulating film on thecrystalline semiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gateinsulating film.
 3. An electroluminescence display device according toclaim 1, wherein the insulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 4. Anelectronic appliance comprising the electroluminescence display deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the electronic appliance is selected fromthe group consisting of a TV camera, a head-mount display, a carnavigation, a projection display, a video camera, a personal computer,and a cellular telephone.
 5. An electroluminescence display devicecomprising: a substrate; an insulating film over the substrate, theinsulating film having at least one asperity of less than 30 Å in heighton the upper surface thereof; and a crystalline semiconductor filmcomprising silicon formed on the insulating film, wherein the asperityhas a width more than 100 Å.
 6. An electroluminescence display deviceaccording to claim 5, wherein the electroluminescence display devicefurther comprises a gate insulating film on the crystallinesemiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gate insulating film. 7.An electroluminescence display device according to claim 5, wherein theinsulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 8. An electroluminescencedisplay device according to claim 5, wherein crystals of the crystallinesemiconductor film extend in parallel with the insulating film.
 9. Anelectronic appliance comprising the electroluminescence display deviceaccording to claim 5, wherein the electronic appliance is selected fromthe group consisting of a TV camera, a head-mount display, a carnavigation, a projection display, a video camera, a personal computer,and a cellular telephone.
 10. An electroluminescence display devicecomprising: a substrate; an insulating film over the substrate, theinsulating film having at least one asperity of less than 30 Å in heighton the upper surface thereof; a crystalline semiconductor filmcomprising silicon formed on the insulating film, wherein crystals ofthe crystalline semiconductor film extend in parallel with theinsulating film.
 11. An electroluminescence display device according toclaim 10, wherein the electroluminescence display device furthercomprises a gate insulating film on the crystalline semiconductor filmand a gate electrode on the gate insulating film.
 12. Anelectroluminescence display device according to claim 10, wherein theinsulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 13. An electroluminescencedisplay device according to claim 10, wherein the asperity has a widthmore than 100 Å.
 14. An electronic appliance comprising theelectroluminescence display device according to claim 10, wherein theelectronic appliance is selected from the group consisting of a TVcamera, a head-mount display, a car navigation, a projection display, avideo camera, a personal computer, and a cellular telephone.
 15. Adynamic random access memory comprising: a substrate; an insulating filmover the substrate; at least one word line; at least one bit lineintersecting perpendicularly to the word line; a crystallinesemiconductor film comprising silicon at an intersection of the wordline and the bit line, formed on the insulating film; a interlayerinsulating film on the crystalline semiconductor film; and an electrodeover a drain region of the crystalline semiconductor film with theinterlayer insulating film interposed therebetween, wherein theinsulating film has at least one asperity of less than 30 Å in height onthe upper surface thereof.
 16. A dynamic random access memory accordingto claim 15, wherein the dynamic random access memory further comprisinga gate insulating film on the crystalline semiconductor film and a gateelectrode on the gate insulating film.
 17. A dynamic random accessmemory according to claim 15, wherein the insulating film comprisessilicon oxide.
 18. An electronic appliance comprising the dynamic randomaccess memory according to claim 15, wherein the electronic appliance isselected from the group consisting of a TV camera, a head-mount display,a car navigation, a projection display, a video camera, a personalcomputer, and a cellular telephone.
 19. A dynamic random access memorycomprising: a substrate; an insulating film over the substrate, theinsulating film having at least one asperity of less than 30 Å in heighton the upper surface thereof; and a crystalline semiconductor filmcomprising silicon at an intersection of the word line and the bit line,formed on the insulating film; a interlayer insulating film on thecrystalline semiconductor film; and an electrode over a drain region ofthe crystalline semiconductor film with the interlayer insulating filminterposed therebetween, wherein the asperity has a width more than 100Å.
 20. A dynamic random access memory according to claim 19, wherein thedynamic random access memory further comprising a gate insulating filmon the crystalline semiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gateinsulating film.
 21. A dynamic random access memory according to claim19, wherein the insulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 22. A dynamicrandom access memory according to claim 19, wherein crystals of thecrystalline semiconductor film extend in parallel with the insulatingfilm.
 23. An electronic appliance comprising the dynamic random accessmemory according to claim 19, wherein the electronic appliance isselected from the group consisting of a TV camera, a head-mount display,a car navigation, a projection display, a video camera, a personalcomputer, and a cellular telephone.
 24. A dynamic random access memorycomprising: a substrate; an insulating film over the substrate, theinsulating film having at least one asperity of less than 30 Å in heighton the upper surface thereof; a crystalline semiconductor filmcomprising silicon at an intersection of the word line and the bit line,formed on the insulating film; an interlayer insulating film on thecrystalline semiconductor film; and an electrode over a drain region ofthe crystalline semiconductor film with the interlayer insulating filminterposed therebetween, wherein crystals of the crystalline siliconsemiconductor film extend in parallel with the insulating film.
 25. Adynamic random access memory according to claim 24, wherein the dynamicrandom access memory further comprising a gate insulating film on thecrystalline semiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gateinsulating film.
 26. A dynamic random access memory according to claim24, wherein the insulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 27. A dynamicrandom access memory according to claim 24, wherein the asperity has awidth more than 100 Å.
 28. An electronic appliance comprising thedynamic random access memory according to claim 24, wherein theelectronic appliance is selected from the group consisting of a TVcamera, a head-mount display, a car navigation, a projection display, avideo camera, a personal computer, and a cellular telephone.
 29. Astatic random access memory comprising: a substrate; an insulating filmover the substrate; at least one word line; at least one bit lineintersecting perpendicularly to the word line; at least one acrystalline semiconductor film comprising silicon at an intersection ofthe word line and the bit line, formed on the insulating film; aninterlayer insulating film over the crystalline semiconductor film; anda polysilicon film over the interlayer insulating film, the polysiliconfilm electrically connected with the crystalline semiconductor film,wherein the insulating film has at least one asperity of less than 30 Åin height on the upper surface thereof.
 30. A static random accessmemory according to claim 29, wherein the static random access memoryfurther comprising a gate insulating film on the crystallinesemiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gate insulating film. 31.A static random access memory according to claim 29, wherein theinsulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 32. An electronic appliancecomprising the static random access memory according to claim 29,wherein the electronic appliance is selected from the group consistingof a TV camera, a head-mount display, a car navigation, a projectiondisplay, a video camera, a personal computer, and a cellular telephone.33. A static random access memory comprising: a substrate; an insulatingfilm over the substrate, the insulating film having at least oneasperity of less than 30 Å in height on the upper surface thereof; andat least one a crystalline semiconductor film comprising silicon at anintersection of the word line and the bit line, formed on the insulatingfilm; a interlayer insulating film over the crystalline semiconductorfilm; a polysilicon film over the interlayer insulating film, thepolysilicon film electrically connected with the crystallinesemiconductor film; and wherein the asperity has a width more than 100Å.
 34. A static random access memory according to claim 33, wherein thestatic random access memory further comprising a gate insulating film onthe crystalline semiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gateinsulating film.
 35. A static random access memory according to claim33, wherein the insulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 36. A staticrandom access memory according to claim 33, wherein crystals of thecrystalline semiconductor film extend in parallel with the substrate.37. An electronic appliance comprising the static random access memoryaccording to claim 33, wherein the electronic appliance is selected fromthe group consisting of a TV camera, a head-mount display, a carnavigation, a projection display, a video camera, a personal computer,and a cellular telephone.
 38. A static random access memory comprising:a substrate; an insulating film over the substrate, the insulating filmhaving at least one asperity of less than 30 Å in height on the uppersurface thereof; at least one a crystalline semiconductor filmcomprising silicon at an intersection of the word line and the bit line,formed on the insulating film; a interlayer insulating film over thecrystalline semiconductor film; a polysilicon film over the interlayerinsulating film, the polysilicon film electrically connected with thecrystalline semiconductor film; and wherein crystals of the crystallinesemiconductor film extend in parallel with the substrate.
 39. A staticrandom access memory according to claim 38, wherein the static randomaccess memory further comprising a gate insulating film on thecrystalline semiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gateinsulating film.
 40. A static random access memory according to claim38, wherein the insulating film comprises silicon oxide.
 41. A staticrandom access memory according to claim 38, wherein the asperity has awidth more than 100 Å.
 42. An electronic appliance comprising the staticrandom access memory according to claim 38, wherein the electronicappliance is selected from the group consisting of a TV camera, ahead-mount display, a car navigation, a projection display, a videocamera, a personal computer, and a cellular telephone.
 43. An electronicdevice comprising: a substrate; an insulating film over the substrate;and a crystalline semiconductor film comprising silicon formed on theinsulating film, wherein the insulating film has at least one asperityof less than 30 Å in height on the upper surface thereof.
 44. Anelectronic device according to claim 43, wherein the electronic devicefurther comprises a gate insulating film on the crystallinesemiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gate insulating film. 45.An electronic device according to claim 43, wherein the insulating filmcomprises silicon oxide.
 46. An electronic device according to claim 43,wherein the electronic device is at least one selected from the groupconsisting of a TV camera, a head-mount display, a car navigation, aprojection display, a video camera, a personal computer, and a cellulartelephone.
 47. An electronic device comprising: a substrate; aninsulating film over the substrate, the insulating film having at leastone asperity of less than 30 Å in height on the upper surface thereof;and a crystalline semiconductor film comprising silicon formed on theinsulating film, wherein the asperity has a width more than 100 Å. 48.An electronic device according to claim 47, wherein the electronicdevice further comprises a gate insulating film on the crystallinesemiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gate insulating film. 49.An electronic device according to claim 47, wherein the insulating filmcomprises silicon oxide.
 50. An electronic device according to claim 47,wherein crystals of the crystalline semiconductor film extend inparallel with the insulating film.
 51. An electronic device according toclaim 47, wherein the electronic device is at least one selected fromthe group consisting of a TV camera, a head-mount display, a carnavigation, a projection display, a video camera, a personal computer,and a cellular telephone.
 52. An electronic device comprising: asubstrate; an insulating film over the substrate, the insulating filmhaving at least one asperity of less than 30 Å in height on the uppersurface thereof; a crystalline semiconductor film comprising siliconformed on the insulating film, wherein crystals of the crystallinesemiconductor film extend in parallel with the insulating film.
 53. Anelectronic device according to claim 52, wherein the electronic devicefurther comprises a gate insulating film on the crystallinesemiconductor film and a gate electrode on the gate insulating film. 54.An electronic device according to claim 52, wherein the insulating filmcomprises silicon oxide.
 55. An electronic device according to claim 52,wherein the asperity has a width more than 100 Å.
 56. An electronicdevice according to claim 52, wherein the electronic device is at leastone selected from the group consisting of a TV camera, a head-mountdisplay, a car navigation, a projection display, a video camera, apersonal computer, and a cellular telephone.